In 1917, soon after the United States formally entered World War I, Congress passed the Espionage Act. interests, but violations of the law can take many forms. The federal crime of espionage is generally intended to punish those who share sensitive information that would be harmful to U.S. Ultimately, Manning was convicted on 21 federal charges related to the massive leak, including six counts of violating the federal Espionage Act (found in chapter 37 of the U.S. From there, much of this information was widely reported by the press. Manning said she found much of the information in these documents "profoundly troubling" so, believing she was acting as a whistleblower, she leaked the files through the WikiLeaks platform in 2010. There were more than 700,000 files in all and they revealed higher than reported civilian deaths and other unsettling details. base at Guantanamo Bay, and various military reports. They included diplomatic correspondences, files from the U.S. Manning (born Bradley Manning) was a private in the United States Army with access to classified and otherwise sensitive government documents. Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. government was that the gyroscopes could be used in missile guidance systems and smart bombs. The “espionage” concern expressed by the U.S. They apparently planned to export them to the PRC through a Canadian subsidiary of the Beijing company. It seems that the two business persons purchased the gyroscopes from a Massachusetts company. Exporting these gyroscopes to the PRC is prohibited by U.S. Two business persons, one a Chinese national who was the president of a Beijing company and the other a naturalized Canadian, pleaded guilty to charges of exporting fiber-optic gyroscopes to the Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) without the required State Department permits. government in its 2001 Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive Report. Often, proprietary information includes R&D plans for a business or plans for emerging technologies.Īn interesting espionage case was reported by the U.S. Proprietary information is that generally not found in the public domain and for which the information’s owner takes special measures to protect it from getting into the public domain. Industrial espionage involves the undercover gathering of information about a company to acquire commercial secrets and thereby gain a competitive edge. Economic espionage involves the covert targeting or gaining of sensitive information that has financial, trade, or economic policy implications. government is worried about three types of espionage-economic, industrial, and proprietary. With increasing competition for limited resources, the business community projected these losses to intensify in the coming years.Īs is the business community, the U.S. The greatest losses, they noted, involved manufacturing processing and R&D (research and development) information. business community said that economic espionage cost them anywhere from $100–250 billion in lost sales. Sabotage is the act of using spies to gain information about what a government or a company does or plans to do.įor the year 2000, in particular, the U.S. For years the United States has been worried about becoming a target of foreign economic and industrial espionage.
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